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Xamarin.Forms: INSTALL_FAILED_UPDATE_INCOMPATIBLE when trying to deploy to Android device

When we tried to deploy a Xamarin Forms app to an Android device, we got the following error:

Xamarin.AndroidTools.AndroidDeploymentException:
InternalError ---> Mono.AndroidTools.InstallFailedException: Failure
[INSTALL_FAILED_UPDATE_INCOMPATIBLE]
at Mono.AndroidTools.Internal.AdbOutputParsing.CheckInstallSuccess(String output, String packageName)
at Mono.AndroidTools.AndroidDevice.<>c__DisplayClass2a.<InstallPackage>b__29(Task`1 t)
at System.Threading.Tasks.ContinuationTaskFromResultTask`1.InnerInvoke()
at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.Execute()
--- End of inner exception stack trace ---
at Xamarin.AndroidTools.AndroidDeploySession.RunLogged(CancellationToken token)
at Xamarin.AndroidTools.AndroidDeploySession.Start(CancellationToken token)

The problem seemed to be that a "ghost" copy of the app still existed on the device although there was no app icon. However when searching under Applications we found it with its package name instead.

After uninstalling the package we were able to deploy the new version…